SIMPLE GRAMMAR- EASY TO REMEMBER
(REFERENSI BAHAN UKG BAHASA INGGRIS )
NO | SUBJECT | SUB SUBJECT | EXPLANATION |
1 | NOUN | = | A NAMING WORD USED FOR A PERSON, PLACE, THING, IDEA, QUALITY, ACTIVITY SUCH AS SUSAN, SCHOOL, BOOK ETC NOUNS ARE USED TO FUNCTION AS SUBJECTS, OBJECTSOF VERBS, OBJET OF PREPOSITION, COMPLEMENTS, APOSITIVES. |
a.NOUN PHRASE | A WORD OR A GROUP OF WORDS THAT ACTS OR FUNCTIONS AS A NOUN IN A LARGER CONSTRUCTION SUCH AS CLAUSE OR SENTENCE. | ||
b.COLLECTIVE NOUN | A NOUN THAT STANDS FOR MANY INDIVIDUALS SUCH AS: TEAM, JURY, AUDIENCE, CATTLE, CROWD, ETC My family always goes on vacation in July (entire group) My family were broughr to the restaurant one by one (member as individual). | ||
c.COUNTABLE NOUN | A NOUN THAT CAN BE TOTALED OR COUNTED : A BOOK- TEN BOOKS ETC. | ||
d.UN COUNTABLE NOUN | A NOUN THAT ARE ABSTRACT IN QUALITY OR THAT CAN NOT BE COUNTED SUCH AS: COFFEE, LOVE, INTELLIGENCE | ||
e.PRONOUN | A WORD USED IN PLACE TO AVOID REPETITION: Mary thought she had more time. | ||
f.RELATIVE PRONOUN | A PRONOUN THAT OINTRODUCES A DEPENDENT CLAUSE AND THAT REFERS TO SOME ANTECEDENT. Mr Lee is the cartoonist whom I mentioned | ||
g.Subject of verb | John loves Mary | ||
h.Direct object | John loves Mary | ||
i.Indirect object | John sent Mary Money | ||
j.Retained Object | Mary was sent some money | ||
k.Object of prepos | I toom it from John | ||
l.Subjective complement | John is the captain | ||
m.Objective complement | They elected John captain | ||
n.Noun adjunct | John waited at the bus stop | ||
o.appositive | Captain of his class | ||
p.Vocative (direct address) | John, come here. | ||
q.QUANTITY NOUNS | Noun that express some ammount may alsosingular or plural. Ninety people is too much for one classroom (as a whole) Ninety people are registered for this course (item by item) A number of people have enrolled in this course (bila number memakai a maka dianggap jamak.) The number of people in the room is ninety-three.( Bila number didahului The maka dianggap tunggal) | ||
r.NOUNS ALWAYS SINGULAR (walau berakhir dng s) | CIVICS, STATISTICS, PHISICS, STHLETICS, MATHEMATICS, MUMPS, POLITICS, NEWS, ECONOMISC. Statistics was my favorite subject. No news is good news. | ||
s.NOUNS ALWAYS PLURAL | REMAINS, TROUCERS, PANTS, SCISSORS, PLIERS, BELONGINGS. These scissors cut (not cuts) through heavy cardboard. | ||
t.FORMING u.PLURALS | ENDING IN SIBILANDS (BINDENG) SOUNDS( S, Z, CH, SH, TCH,X) PLUS ES: Tax- taxes ENDING IN Y DIDAHULUI FOKAL PLUS S: Toy-toys ENDING IN Y DIDAHULUI CONSONAN PLUS IES: Baby-babies ENDING IN O DIDAHULUI FOKAL PLUS S: Ratio—ratios. ENDING IN O DIDAHULUI consonan PLUS ES:tomato-tomatoes Jamak dan tunggal sama : deer, sheep, fish, trout, salmon, moose KATA KHUSUS: datum-data;crisis-crises; alumnus-alumni;radius-radii; index- indeces; medium-media. ENDING IN F TAMBAH VES : half-= halves; knive- knives ENDING IN F TAMBAH S : chief-chiefs ;belief-beliefs. Tidak beraturan : child- children; foot- feet; mouse-mice; tooth-teeth. | ||
v.PENTING | -The United States(comprises, comprise) fifty states. -There are three (Marys, Maries, Mary’s) in class. -How many (mooses, moose) did you see in the forest? -There are sixaltos and six(sopranos, sopranoes) in the choir. -What is the (USAs,USA’s) current policy toward china. -The jury (has, have) been debating the merit of the case. -Is this your (sister’s-in –law, sister-in law’s) office? -She was looking for the (womens’,women’s)clothing dept. -Several pounds(is, are) too mush for you to carry. -The proceeds from thos sale (goes, go) to help handicapped children. Journey- JOURNEYS; potato-POTATOES; Father-in –law: FATHERS –IN-LAW: fish: FISH; hypothesis: HYPOTHESIS. Half ; HALVES; belief : BELIEFS; Mouse: MICE; alumnus: ALUMNI ; index : INDICES. | ||
2 | P0SSESSIVE | a.FORMING POSSESSIVES | Jika SINGULAR TAMBAH KOMA S :lady’s bag’ girl’s dog. Jika Singular dan berupa nama berakiran s maka tambah aposthrope(koma) saja : Mores’ store. Anis’ book Jika Plural dan berakhiran s tmbah apostrophe saja : boys’. Jika PLURAL tidak berakhiran s tambah koma s: men’s Untuk kumpulan kata dng garis datar gunakan koma s sebelum kata kerja : brother-in-law’s –house. |
b.gerund in possesive | -Gerund yang didahului dng nama orang ataupun possesive noun gunakan koma s: Harry’s thinking; Jill’s swimming. -Possesive form of infefinite pronouns perlu koma s : one’s free. Somebody else’s wallet. -Possessive noun or pronoun ginakan koma s: Whose key did you give me ? I gave youy Karen’s -Untuk noun pharases gunakan koma s sebelum kata kerja utamanya: Alexander the great’s journeys took him to India. Martha is the boy in the red sweeter’s mother. | ||
3 | PRONOUNS | a.YOU | -DUGUNAKAN UNTUK TUNGGAL ATAU JAMAK You always sit in that same seat, don’t you ? ( satu orang) You always sit in those same seats, don’t you? ( jamak) |
b.ITS AS POSSESSIVE PRONOUN | -IT ‘S TIME FOR THE HORSE TO RETURN TO ITS STABLE. | ||
c.REFLEXIVE PRONOUN(...SELF) | - Kembali ke subject : The enginer burned himself -Untuk pementingan : She herself repaired the computer. -sebagai compound object: Charles designed the boat itself. | ||
d.RELATIVE PRONOUN | - WHO (whom in objective case): hanya untuk orang : The people whom you met were Italian. -WHOSE( Possessive form of who) untuk orang atau binatang. Are these dogs whose Kernel you painted? WHICH: menunjuk hewan atau barang tertentu. This is the cow which I milked this morning. THAT; menunjuk orang, hewan atau barang as a class or tipe: The report that the president wanted is beeing prepared now. | ||
e.INDEFINITE PRONOUNS | -SELALU SINGULAR: ANOTHER, ANYBODY;; ANYONE,ANYTHING, EACH, EITHER, ...BODY, ....THINGN MUCH, NO BODY , NO....; SOMEONE; ....ONE, every...: Another has taken your place on the team. Either of the candidates seems qualified. Nothing is lost and no one has gained. Every boy and girl 0n the team is a top student. Many a worker looks forward to ghe weekend. - SELALU JAMAK ASAL BERARTI : ALL, ANY, MORE, MOST, NONE, SOME: Most of what you say is tue; Is there any who will speak for him ? TETAPI :Are any of them here today?; Most of the students usually arrive on time | ||
f.SUBJECTIVE CASE PRONOUNS | -USED IN THE PREDICATIVE NOMINATIVE (AFTER LINKING VERB) : Who is at the door ? It is I ; I AM SURE THAT IT WAS SHE WHOM YOU SAW. Whas it he who borrowed your book. | ||
g.THAN , AS AND LIKE | THAN AND AS are conjunction that may be used in comparison to introduce the second elemen : HE DRIVES MORE QUICKLY THAN I. Her sister is not as tall as she. LIKE MAY BE A PREPOSITION: Do you like her as much as I ?(like her). DO YOU LIKE HER AS MUCH AS (YOU LIKE ) ME? | ||
h.COLLECTIVE NOUN IN PRONOUN | -CAN BE PLURAL OR SINGULAR DEPENDING ON THEIR USAGE: the committe meets for its final session next week. THE COMMITTEE ARE ARGUING AMONG THEMSELVES | ||
i.INDEFINITE PRONOUN | -TUNGGAL BILA :USED AS ANTECEDENTS: another, anybody, any....,each, either, everybody, every...., much, neither, nobody, no.... someone, some......THE SCHOOL WILL ACCEPT ANYONE IF HE/SHE SEEMS WORTHY. Neither of our products is selling at its best. -JAMAK, BILA DIGUNAKAN DENGAN ANTECEDENT PENUNJUK JAMAK : BOTH, FEW, MANY, OTHER, SEVERAL. Many enjoy their vacations in Bali. FEW CAN REMEMBER WHEN THEY WERE TWO YEARS OLD | ||
j.PHRASES IN PRONOUN | -IGNORE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES,APPOSITIVES, ASIODES AND EXPLANATORY PHRASES WHEN DETERMINING THE TRUE ANTECEDENT IN A SENTENCE. Each of our nearest neighbours has a van in his driveway. NEITHER JOHN NOR MARY HAS JUST MOWED HER LAWN . TETAPI ; Either Barry or his sisters will get their wish | ||
k.PENTING | A. CHOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER -Peter and ( I, me, myself) planned the picnic for the club -Have most of the members cast (his/her, their) votes yet. -Endang applied for the new position , but then decided that it wasn’t for (she, her) . -This isn’t Juliew’s , and itsn’t (hers, her’s) either. -Mom told (me and Lynn, Lynn and me) to get the mail. -Do you have (anything, something) for a headache? - I suggest that everyone bring (his/her, their) passport . -Hero used to say:’ Tell it (like, as) it is. -Neither Sastro nor her two friens were choosen to hang (her, their)paintings in the exhibit. -This is the man (that, who) will fix your sink. B.Mana yang salah : -WHOM SAID:’ THE FEWER OUR WANTS, THE MORE WE RESEMBLE THE GODS’? (WHO). - I CAN’T BELIEVE THAT SHE WON; IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN HIM. (HE) -IF IT ISN’T HER’S, THEN WHOSE IS IT ? (HERS) -Tony asked Joan to go to the beach with Dennis and I. (me) -Us kids never get to stay up past midnight . (We). -Dona is a much faster worker than me. (I). -The jury turned in their verdict to the bailliff. (its) -Everyone knows where their children are. (his/her). -Several in the room remembered his experiences at summer camp. (their). -The house and the Senate adjourned its deliberation early this spring. ( their). C.MAKE PLURAL David-DAVIDS; court- COURTS; office-OFFICES;mass-MASSES; watsh – WATCHES; johnes- JOHNES;box; BOXES; P- P’S; % - %’s;country- COUNTRIES. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER -( Betty’s, Bettys’) stappler broke this afternoon. -Shwe choose Kevin’s painting , not (Tims, Tim’s). -How many (sisters-in-law, sister-in –laws)do you have?. -What (is, are) the number of people in your family. -Lindon Johnson said:” Politics( is, are) the art of possible. -My new pliers (costs, cost) Rp. 5.000.000,- -A good number of boys in that school( plays, play) football. -The Media (covers, cover) all the president’s activities. -Mice( runs, run) freely throughout the Taylor’s barn. -The jury (has, have) returned its verdict. D.IDENTIFY:ANTECEDENT AND PRONOUN (S OR P) -Either Ms. Lisara or her boys has just arrived.(P) -=Many can recall their wedding days vividly. (P) =-None of the cheerleaders remembered their new shoes.(P) -None of the breed haas been taken from its package.(S) -Mr. Essig, as well as Mr. Moreno is on his way to the meeting.(S). -Not only Susan , but also Charles, will wash his car. (S) - Kurt is a driver whom we can rely on (S) E.UNDERLINE THE CORRECT WORD - Did she say that (we, us) runners could compete? - Neither Frances nor her two friends were chosen to hang (her , their) paintings in the exhibit. -Every girl in this scout troop(is, are) being asked to participate in the cookie sale. -Do we know if (its, it’s) acceptable to wear jeans to the party? -This is the man (who,that) will, fix your sink. -(Who, whom) did you say come to cvisit while I was gone. -The speaker (who, whom) we expected never showed up. -When I asked who was knocking on the door, my uncle answered, It’s (I,me). -They weren’t sure that (we, us) could climb the hill. - Melanie hired her sister and ( I, me) for the job. -The boys devided the pizza among (they, them). - Jackie is going to share her room with you and (I, me) isn’t she? -I hope to be able to give (him and her, he and she) as much time to finiosh as they need). -Let’s mesure to see if we are taller than (they, them). -I‘ll bet that they’re not as tall as (we,us). F.SHOW WHERE THE APOSTROPHE ‘S BEEN OMITTED. - The director report took thee hours to type (director’s) -Last Mondays sales exceeded our expectations (Monday’s) -Chris wig was about to fall off, but we caught it (Chris’s) -The Paterson driveway always has two cars in it.(Patersons’) -Gina asked politely where the womens rest room was(women’s). -If you use your daughter –in-law car you should arrive before the play begin. 9daugter- in- law’s) -Fergusons and gordons departemen stores have competed for business for many years. (Ferguson’s and gordon’s) -Milly and Ali sandwich shop has only been open a year. ( Ali’s). -No one understood the posts firing of Ms. Plunkett (Post’s). -His swimming wasn’t nearly as impressive as Jane diving.(Jane’s). -The four friends knew one anothers parents .(another’s) -The gown was hers, but the veil was her grandmothers. (grandmother’s.). -The CPAs office is just down the hall.(CPA’s). - The plaayer of the years jersay hangs in the schools display case. (year’s) -Have you read Paul Kinsella The techniques of writing ? (Kinsella’s). G.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER -Every girl in this scout troop (is, are) being asked to participate in the cookie sale. -= (Who, whom) did ypou say come to visit while I was gone? - When I asked who was knocking on thje door, my uncle answered, “It is (I, me). -Melanie hired her sister and ( I, me) for the job. -I hope to be able to give (he and she, him and her) as much time to finish as they need. -Let’s measure to see if we are taller than (they, them). -I’ll bet yhat they are not as tall as (we, us). -Neither of the animals (has, have) been house trained. -(It is , they are _) four new tires that you will have to buy, not two. - Many ,a law student (cram, crams) for exam. = many= nama. H.ERROR RECOGNATION - Jim doesn’t always wear her seat belt (his). They weighed theirselves on the store scale( themselves). -Yourself should be held responsible for thos act. (you). -Parti gave the keys to Luna and myself. (me). -Are you the plumber which are I called to stop the leak? (whom). -Who’s note book is os on gthe floor? (Whose). -She is the kind of worker which we look for .(that). -You may pick which dessert you like best from this tray (whichever). - This sorts of actions are intolereble in Wimbledon. (These). -The book advised us all.” You should try to get eight hours of sleep at night.( One). -Aren’t they some eggs in the refrigerator? (any). I.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. I am prety sure that he(doesn’t, don’t) know her. 2. I know severel people who (knows, know) how to tune up a volkswagen. 3. Neither of the animals (has, have) been house trained. 4. It (is, are) four new tires that you’ll have to buy , not two. 5. Everyone of them (looks, look) good enough to eat. 6. Many , a law students (crams, cram) her exam. 7. (Is, Are) there a few of you veterans in the audience ?. 8.(Is, Are) there more of those cookies left. 9.( Is, are) there more of that pie left? 10. I, as well as my parents, my grandparents, and my brother (feels, feel) that our city is the best in the whole state. 11. We, proprietors, of this restaurant (promises, promise) to keep prices low. 12. Both of us (believe, believes) that you need a math tutor this summer. J.IDENTIFY:ANTECEDENT AND PRONOUN (S OR P) 1. The senate voted itself a raise ion pay (S). 2. They painted that room by themselves (P). 3. Was it I to whom you just spoke ? (P) 4.Are you sure this is the painting which you commissioned?(S). 5.I’m the only one of the people here who knows the secret. (S) 6. He is one of the men who works here .(P). 7. Out team is proud of its victory ( S). K.MAKE A NOUN 1. decide- DECISION; describe- DESCRIPTION; maintain- MAINTAINANCE; disobey- DISOBEDIENCE. 2. EXTENCE- extension; SUCCCEED- success. ‘RECOGNIZE: recognition; REDUCE- reduction; SOLVE- solution 3. suspect- SUSPICION; destroy- DESTRUCTION L.USE UNCOUNTABLE OR COUNTABLE NOUN 1. It has been said that (young) is wasted on young people (youth) 2. Several youth were loitering in the schoolyard (youths). 3.The most expensive wigs are made og human hairs (Hair) 4.He ios so bold that we can alm,ost count the hair of his head (hairs). 5.Various fruit were on display at the fair. (fruits) 6.Let’s have some fruits for dessert (fruit). 7.He has always been praised for his great strengths of his character. (strength). 8.One of his great strengths is his ability to get along with people (strength). 9.He doesn’t like to drink wines or beers (wine/ beer) 10.France produces many wine (wines). 11.That company will not hire you unless you have some experience (experiences). 12. He told about some of the terrible experience he had had in the war. (experiences). M. USE THE CORRECT FORM 1. John and me are the same age (I). 2.The letter was addressed to John and I. (me) 3. Their mother is taking they all to ythe circus (them) 4.The money was given to he and I. ( Him and Me). 5. all of they came late (them) 6. Everyone finished the test except I (me). 7.It was me who planned this meeting (I). 8. Between your and I she’s not very happy in her new home. (you and me). 9. .Every nation has it own special problem.(its) 10.Can you tell me chich house is they? (theirs). 11.The man who car was stolen went to the police immediately (whose). 12.I do not remember wether the pen I borrowed is he or she (his or her). N. USE THE APPROPRIATE POSSESIVE CONSTRUCTION. 1.He is a good friend of I (of mine) 2. An old classmate of he is coming toi dinner. (of his). 3.That car of they always gave them masalah ( of theirs). 4.Any frien of you is a friend of I (of yours- of mine). 5.A neighbour we likes to gossip a great deal ( of ours). 6. Almost no friend of Tom came to the funeral.(of Tom’s) 7. Some Papers of you got mixed in with some notes. (of yours). 8.Many patients he stopped coming to him after he raised his fees. ( of his). 9.Those Jade carvings they are worth a fortune (of theirs). 10.I can’t understand why she’s so proud of that son of she. (of hers). | ||
3. | VERB | a.MEANING. | THE GRAMATICAL CENTER OF THE SENTENCE. |
b.3 types of verbs. | 1. Transitive butuh obyek eksklusif : bring ,carry 2. Intransitive tak b isa diberi obyek eksklusif ; arrive, complain,dissagree. 3. Linking Verb. Take predicaate noun. Umumnya to be dapat pula sensing verbs : feel, look, smell, sound, taste. Atau appearance verbs : appear, become, grow, prove, remain, seem ( the meaning is some part of be). | ||
c. VOICE OF VERBS | 1. ACTIVE : The subject of the sentence is the actor or doer: Susan bought a book. 2. Passive Voice; The subject is being acted upon – dibuat dengan tobe dan kata kerja bentuk ke 3.: A book wa bought by Susan. | ||
d. TENSE | BERARTI TIME/ WAKTU SECARA PRINSIP ADA TIGA YAKNI PRESENT, PAST DAN FUTURE. 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : Untuk a.kebiasaan yang terus menerus: We need food. B. untuk aturan alam : The sun rises in the east. C. Untuk historical poresent: Jefferson ranks as one of our great presidents. 2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE: kejadian sudah selesai waktu lalu: I got up this morning and then ate breakfast. 3. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: untuk kejadian yang belum terjadi. Pembentukannnya dengan memakai shall atau will atau to be going to. I will come on time.. We are going to meet him there next week. 4. PERFECT TENSE; Kejadiannya sudah berlangsung/selesai saat dibicarakan. Dibentuk dengan have / has plus Verb bentuk ketiga. He is not coming with us , he has been sick all week. BEDAKAN : Tony ate here often (Toni sering makan di situ namun kini tidak lagi). Tony has eaten here often( Toni sudah selesai makan dan besok mungkin makan di situ lagi). 5. PROGRESSIVE TENSES/ CONTINUOUS TENSE: Kejadian sedang berlangsung saat dibicarakan. Dibentuk dengan memakai to be dan kata kerja ing. I am writing a letter wright now (present). You were sleeping when you came in ( lampau). At this time next year. He will be studyingat Diponegoro university ( aklan datang). 6. PRESENT/PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS.; Kejadian telah berlangsung waktu kemudian , kini masih berlangsung . Mike has been doing poor work recently(present). RON HAD BEN CALLING ME ALL DAY SATURDAY, BUT I WASN’T HOME. (past) | ||
e. PENTING | A.CHOOSE THE CORECT FORM OF THE VERB 1. I had (spoken, spoke) to Mr Agus several times by phone. 2. It is necessary that he ( finishes, finish) his education before entering the army. (harapan) 3.If you finish on time (we’ll, we’d) be surprised. 4. Mr. Darto’s watch (is lying, is laying) on the desk. (lay= bohong- a sembunyi. Lying =berbaring). 5.I wish terry (were, had been ) more honest when she wrote her resume. 6. The mail had already come when Jim ( called, had called). 7. Secretary Watt has been (changed, changing )many his of his predecessors’s policies . 8. She understands that un;ess she studies (she’ll, she’d) fail the exam. 9. Keith is a good skier, and (so, too) is Daniel. 10. They burried the coins so that no one else (would know, knew) where they were. 11.You’d better not (to swim, swim) in that dirty creek. 12. I don’t understand it; Mary should (have called, called) us an hour ago. 13. Ms Astuty is going to teach Lisa (playing, to play) the viola. 14. Feredy suggested that Yosi (drinks, drink) milk to calm her 15. She( lay, laid) her new rug on the den floor. 16. He (rised, rose) from his bed feeling well rested. (bangkit) 17.Your casserole smells (wonderful, wonderfully).(adj) 18.If this proves (wrong, wrongly) we’ll be embarrassed.(adj). 19.I wish this (was, were) Saturday; I can’t wait. 20.It is essential that Daphne (keep, keeps) her job. | ||
4 | AUXILLIARY VERBS | a.FUNCTION | USED WITH MAIN VERBS: 1.MODAL AUXILLIARY; may, must, shall, will etc 2. NON MODAL AUXILLIARY: TO be, to do, to have. |
b. DIRECT QUESTIONS | Can he make an omelete? Yes he can. No he can’t | ||
c. REJOINDERS | SHORT RESPONSES TO STATEMENTS, USED WITH: either, neither, so or too: Grace loves baseball, so do I. HARRY IS GETTING FAT. I AM TOO. | ||
d. CAN AND BE ABLE TO | -CAN : SHOWS ABILITY : You can ride that horse. - TO BE ABLE TO; I am not able to do it. | ||
e. CAUSATIVES | HAVE / GET + V KE 3 AND MAKE + SIMPLE FORM (menyuruh): Did you have your heater checked before the winter? DIDID GOT HER CAR WASHED LAST WEEK. | ||
f. CONCLUTION | MUST HAVE+ V KE 3 ; TO CONCLUDE THE PASS OCCUR : The picture just went back ; the TV must’ve broaken. | ||
g. CUSTOMARY ACTION | WOULD + THE SIMPLE FORM: OR BE SUPPOSE TO + SIMPLE FORM: FOR ANTICIPATION AND EXPECTATION: He would start to grow a beartd. THE BUS IS SUPPOSED TO BE HERE RIGHT NOW. | ||
h. INVITATION | WOULD LIKE + INVINITIVE:MEANS WANTS OR DESIRE: The electrical system needs to be rewired. | ||
i. NECESSITY | NEED + GERUND OR NEED TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE : These electicity needs to be rewired. | ||
j. OBLIGATION | SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT AND HAVE TO: You should know better than to skate on this ice. | ||
k.PERMISSION | MAY + SIMPLE FORM OR LET + OBJECTIVE PRONOUN+ SIMPLE FORM : You may enter now. WILL YOU LET ME USE YOUR CAR THIS AFTERNOON. | ||
l.POSSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY | MAY, MIGHT, COULD, AN WOULD + SIMPLE FORM: It might snow : you’d better dress warmly. | ||
m.PREFERENCE | WOULD RATHER (‘D RATHER) +SIMPLE FORM: I’d rather go to a museum than watch TV. | ||
n.SUGGESTION | COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD, AND HAD BETTER + SIMPLE FORM: Next Semester you could take History, Politics or Sociology. Above all you’d better take philosopy. | ||
O PENTING | A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1.The reason for the tax cut was so that more money (may, might) be available. 2. You(‘d better, better) tone up your muscles , if you want to try out for gymnastics this year. 3.Angela lives in Minnessota now, she (used to, did) live in Alabama. 4.Will they (make, do) you cut your hair if you joint the Air Force? 5. I (may have, must have) fallen asleep last night. I don’t remember anything after 10.00. 6. Who ( may, is supposed to ) teach the chemistry course this year? 7.(I’d like, ‘ll like) to have a dinner party for all my friends. 8. This dress (needs, would like) ironing; it’s much too wrinkled to wear. 9. You (might, ought to) take off your coat; it is going to be warm the conference room. 10. Charles ( will, may) trade his car for a motorcycle, he is not sure yet. B USE REQUIRED AUXILLIARIES. 1.He sai there was a possibility that the concert (call off) migh or woulkd be /called off. 2. We (get) ... to the air port by nine o’clock otherwise we ‘ll miss our plane ( should/ough to). 3. No one (live) ...without food.(can live). 4.When I was a youngter . I (not worry... about anyting at all. (would not worry). 5.I (prepare)....my income tax return last month, but I kept putting it off. Now I (do) ...it if I don’t want tio pay a penalty for filling late.(should have prepared-must do). 6. I (help)... clear the table. (could I). 7. His secretary asked wether she ( have)... the afternoon off to do some shopping. (could have). 8. There is no paper left so (I not continue) .... typing. (cannot continue). 9.Any of the three suspects (commit)....the murder yesterday.( must have committed). 10.He(be)... thankful hat he wasn’t hurt in the accident. (should be). 11. he was warned that he (pay) ... the fine or the he (put)... n prison. ( should/ ought to). C. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The president said, “ It is vital to our interest that we (are, be) represented at the peace takls.” 2. If I (was, were ) you, I’dtry it. 3. Zachari, “ His mother called, you ( mustn’t ,must’nt) leave the screen door open , flies will get in.” 4. Mr. Colvin is a good speller, but Mr. Mailory ( can’t , isn’t) . 5.Susan (said me, said) not to tell anyone that she was getting a raise. 6. When are you going to start (dancing, danced) again. 7.Please (sit, set) the pitcher on the table. 8. We will be (glad, gladly) to see you. (V) 9.The professor insisted that she (be, is) on time for every class. 10. If I had the money , I (would travel, will travel) to India. 11. We trimmed the hedges so that more sunlight (can, could) get through. D. ERROR RECOGNATION. 1. Yesterday she came to my apartment and asks to borrow some sugar. (asked). 2. She wished she were older or he was younger. (were). 3. Grandma always sets the table before the quests will arrive (arrive). 4. The leaves will be changing color soon , and the weather turns cold (will turn/ will be turning). 5. If I were you and was worried , I’d call a doctor. ( were). 6. Maureen thought she’ll lose weight, but she didn’t. (she’d lose). 7. If I had run faster , I would win the race. (would have won). 8. The player kicked the ball and was run after it (ran)-run ran run. 9.The Senate discussed the merit of the treaty, and then it was passed (passed it). 10. Harry says he might go to Seattle today .(may). E COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER). 1. He wanted to go , but he.... (couldn’t) 2. They pushed the cart as far as they .... (could) 3. She’s already read today’s newspaper.... (hasn’t she). 4. Darti doesn’t like to work too haard, I don’t .... (either). 5. is Mrs Carrington a dentist? Yes.... (she is). 6. this mountain will be difficult to climb, but the next one ... (won’t). 7. I think we should drive as fast as we ... (can) today. 8. Mei Ling can play the piano... (so can ) I. 9. Eddy drives an old car, and Larry does... (too). 10. I haven’t seen that new play, but my husband... (has). 11. My wife thinks this tie is old-fashioned, but I say it ... (isn’t) F.CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD. 1. We trimmed the hedges so that more sunlight (can ,could) get through. 2. The reason for the tex cut was so that more money (may, might) be available. 3. You (‘d better , better) tone up your muscle if you want to try out for gymnastics this year. 4. Everytime one of us kids lost o tooth, my grandfather (would give, gave) us 25 degree. 5. Angela lives in Minnesota now, she (used to, did ) live in Alabama. 6. Will they (make, do) you cut your hair if you joint the Air Force. 7. I (may have, must have) fallen asleep early last night. I don’t remember anything after 10.00. 8. Who ( may, is supposed to) teach the chemistry cource this year? 9.It sounds as though you want to save money or repairs . You (can, could) take a cource on self repair you know. 10 You (might,ought to) take off your coat. It’s going to be warm in the conference room. G. CHOOSE THE APPROPRIATE FORM. 1. Be sure to have your shoes (shine) before your interview.(shined). 2. Patricia said she rally enjoyed (visit) Atlantic (visiting) . 3.I would rather (going) to the mountain than to the beach (go). 4. Pomo hoped (see) the Musium on his trip. ( to see). 5. You really ought (read) this book . You’ll love it. (to read). 6. I prefer (walk) in my garden in the morning when the air is cool (walk/walking). 7. Mary asked if we would like (ride) to work in her car today.(to ride). 8. Do these towels need to be (wash)- washed. 9. I should have (study) harder when I was in school , “ Tony said. 10. Frances invented us (attended) the opening of the exhibit. (to attend) H. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1.Mother always hopped that I ( become, would become) a lawyer). 2. It seemed likely that he (will survive, would survive) the ordeal. 3. Tomo said he wanted to help us (prun, pruning) the rose bushes. 4. Her uncle asked that she (meets, meet) him for lunch. 5. He asked her (meet, to meet) him for lunch). 6. The defendant denied that he (did, didn’t do) the crime. 7.We expected you ( tobe, were) late. 8. We expected that you ( were, would be) late. 9. ‘ Mother I want to go over to David’s house .” You (can, may) go if you’re home by 5. 10. Every time one of us kids lost of tooth. My grand father (would give, gave) us $5. I CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. I saw the coach on the field after the game and he seemed.... ( a.real angry, b.very angry, c. angrily, d.angry). 2. Doren was so furius that she al,most stoppedplaying the piano because her teacher insisted that she... her scales. ( a.to ractice, b.practice.c. practising, d practiced). 3. Little Mary did not go to gthe party. I understand that she was unhappy that ... ( a. She could not go, b. she would not be able to go, c. Can’t go, d. is not able to go) 4. I am still here because I ....my plane to Jakarta( a. Just miss, b. Just I am missing, c. Just missed. D. almost missed.). 5.Ms. Conover? She is the person.... to that man in the corner. ( a. Who is talking, b. which is talking, c. Who talks, d. who talked). 6. The parcels I’ve just brought into the house .... on the table (a. Are laying, b. are lying, c. Lying, d. laying). 7. The workers are all gone. Because of the Bad weather , the Boss permitted them ...early. (a. Leave, b. to leaving, c. To be going. D. to leave.). 8.Many people have seen that film several times. Isaw it and found it not very...(a. Interested, b. interesting, c. Of interest, d. interest). Me.. 9. The bank refused to cash your check because you .... it (a. Don’t sifn, b. didn’t sign, c. Are not signing, d. shall not sign). 1o.Son, I’d really loike you .... a little harder in here. (a.studying, b. to be studying, c. Study, d. to study). 11. he has just finished fixing gthe door and it look as though... a very hard job. (a. To be. B.it was, c. It must have been,d. it must be). 12. How was your week end Terry? It ... well. (a, a. Go. B. goes.c. going ,d went). 13. Probably ....little oil left under the North Sea by the year of 2010. (a. Will be, b.there will be , c. It will be, d. will there be). 14. Do you like these trousers? No,.... look very nice. (a. A. It doesn’t, b. that doesn’t, c. They don’t, d. there don’t). 15. Napoleon.... the west Indian Island of Santo Domingo 1n 1801. (a. Attacking, b. attacked,c. Is attacking, d. has attacked). 16.On Marcator’s Maps, the far nothern and southern polar regions are... ( a, greatly exaggerated in area, b exaggerated greatly in area, c. greatly exaggerate in area, d. great exaggeration in area ). 17. Reading is you hobby ... ? (a, aren’t you,b, are you, c. Is it, d. isn’t it). 18. .... the match had to be postponed. (a, because snowing, b. bacause was snowing, c. Because there was snowing, d. because it was snowing). 19. When I looked into his room, he .... soundly in his bed. (a, sleep, b. was sleeping, c. Was slept, d. had slept). 20. It ios necessary ... the book immediately? (a. For him to return, b. that he return, c. His returning, d. him to return). 21. Lightning rarely .... twice in the same place. ( a. Is striking, b. strikes, c. Does it strikle, d. it strikes). 22. The new teacher in our class.... the exercises. (a. Sto, b. has the students doing, c. Gets the students do, d. made the students to do). 23.The package containing book and records .... last week. (a.is delivered, b. was delivered, c. Are delivered, d. were delivered). 24. The two new students ...during the coffee break. (a. Being acquainted, b. acquainting themselves c. got Acquainted, d. made known to each other.) 25. ... five laps around the track, Kenny was too tired to attend his English class. (a. To run, b. he ran, c. after running, d. runninbg). 26. Not only ... but he also owned a movie studio (a. Hughes owned Las Vegas Hotels, b.did Hughes owned Las Vegas Hotels c. owned Hughes Las Vegas Hotels. D. Las Vegas Hotel owned Hughes). 27.....if we walk on the grass? ( a. Do you want, b. Are you minded. C. Do you mind. D. Do you think. 28.It’s Robert’s job ... the dogs and put out the cats.( a.food, b. to feed, c. having fed, d. has fed). 29. People usually can get a sufficient amount of the calcium their bodies... from the food they consume. (a. need, b. needs, c. needing, d. to need). 30.We are proud... the succsess of our effort. (a. to announce, b. announcing, c. for announcing, d. to be announcing.) 31.It would be disastrous... that. (a,for John doing, b. for John to do, c. for John did, d. for Hjohn do.) 32. So far there is no vaccine... in sight for the common cold. (a. or cure, b. has cured, c.or curing, d.having cured). 33. When did she dial the operator? (a. tomorroqw morning, b. after she finioshes her study, c. next week, d. after she had had dinner). 34.Only one foreign student ... Indonesian food yet. (a. isn’t used to eat , b. isn’t used to eating, c. isn’t used to be eating. D. didn’t use to eating). 35.In the past the elderly couple....than stayed at home. (a. would rather travel, b.would have rather travel, c.would rather travelled, d.would rather have traveled.). 36. I want to see you tomorrow. What ... at ten o’clock tomorrow? (a. will you do, b. will you be doing C. have you done, d. are you doing to do). 37. This morning I ...the book there. (a. couldn’t find, b. could not be found, c. cannot find. D, can find). 38. Kitchen appliances called blenders became.... in the 1930, when Stephen J Poplawski developed a machine that exelled at making his favorite drinking. (a. establish, b. establishing, c. stabliched. ,d.which establish ). 39.Our furniture... of exellent teak.(a. makes, b. is made, c is making, d. has made. ) . M USE THEW RECQUIRED AUXILLIARY(IES) 1. He said there was a possibility that the concert (call off) might or would be called off. 2. This wine is excellent . You (try)....it (must try). 3. He (eat) .... less if he wants to lose weight. ( should/ ought to eat. 4. I (see) .... you at once. I have important news for you. (have to see). 5. You (not listen).... to him he will only cause you trouble. (must not listen). 6. I (pay) .... this bill immediately or I will be charged additional interest. (must pay). 7. All the necessary documents (file) ....within the next week.( will be filled). 8. The authorities are trying to determine what (cause).... plane crash. (Could have caused). 9. We’re almost out of bread. We (buy) .... some more right away.(need to buy) 10. I don’t know what the trouble is. They (be) ....here long before now. (must have been) 11. You (not make) .... such sacastic remarks to him when you saw him yesterday .( should not make). | ||
5 | ADJECTIVES | FORM | Kata sifat . ADA KATA YANG BISA SEBAGAI ADV DAN ADJ SEPERTI : FAST, HARD, LOW, LATE. |
6 | ADVERBS | FORM | Adj plus LY ; close-closely; fair-fairly; hard- hardly; |
a. ADV CLAUSE | They told us we could begin when we wanted | ||
b. ADVERBIAL | - She was late because she she had a headache . - He failed the exam because he didn’t study. | ||
c. ADJECTIVAL | - Her lateness was due to hwer headache. - His failure was due to the fact that he didn’t study. | ||
INGAT | JANGAN GUNAKAN TWO NEGATIVE ADJECTIVES OR ADVERBS IN THE SAME CONSTRUCTION. -1..No dan Not yakni kata yang umum digunalkan untuk menciptakan kalimat negtip. “W: Susan doesn’t have no car. R: Susan doesn’t have a car . R. Susan has no car. -2. Some negative adverb : barely, never, rarely,scarely, seldom. DO NOT ADD NO OR NOT TO SENTENCES USING THOSE WORDS. 3. BISA GUNAKAN DOBEL NEGATIP YANG ARTINYA POSITIP : not unfamiliar = familiar; I was not unaware of your difficulties. = I was aware of you difficulties. 4. Jangan gunakan koma if the adjective qualify other adjectives as well as a noun . She drove a flashy, red sport car. It was a brave stupid and reckless act. 5. use hypens (-) with compoun adj that precede noun: a 30-day month; a 10- foot lodder.( tetapi : the actor was well known . His fashion is up to date. 6.Father and farthest refer to distance or remoteness in space : Chicago is father from here than I thought. 7. Futher and furthest refer to distance in time , degree, extent or quantity : If you need further assistance please ask the officer over there. 8. Adverb should not seperate verbs from their direct objects . W: I will meet tomorrow the chinese delegation. R: I will meet the chinese delegation tomorrow. | ||
d.Verb in adject | The noun modified by that adjective is the receiver of some action: The closed window needs to be repaired. -When the present participle of an verb is used asan adjectives, the noun modified by that adjective is the giver, doer, actor,or instigator of some action : The barking dog annoys us. | ||
e. Much (a) little, less | - used for uncountable nouns: I have a little money. | ||
f. Many (a ) few, fewer | - Used for countable naouns: There are many students in the class. I have a few friends | ||
g.Good | Always an adjective | ||
h. well | Used as an adverb . Some times use as an adjective means HEALTHY | ||
I. REAL AND SURE | Adjhectives meaning genuin and certain: The bag is made of real leather. Are you sure he’ll be here on time? | ||
m. Really and surelly | - meaning extremelly and undoubtedly or cerainly: I am really pleased with its quality .They surelly wouldn’t want to miss the party. | ||
n. almost, ever, even, just, hardly, O.not, only. | Used to avoid confusion: Only he said he loved her ( No one else said it) . He only said he loved her (he said nothing else). He said only he loved her (no one else loved her). He said he only loved her ( loving her is his sole activity). He said he loved only her( he loved no one else). | ||
P. DEGREE OF COMPARISON (DOC) | a.. lebih :1-2 sylabels add er : late- later ; big- bigger; lazy- lazier: < 2 sylllables : plus more or less : difficult – more difficult than; slowly – more slowly than b. Paling : 1-2 sylabel add the ...est : < 2 syllables : add the most or least.: difficult=-the most difficult . eager- the least eager. | ||
q. DOC with almost, not quite, nearly | Used for indicatingDOC with absoluteadjective or adverb. Off all the coins, this one is the most nearly round ( not the rounded) | ||
r. PENTING | A. CHOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1.I can tell that this meal is going to be ( delicious, deliciously). 2. You look tired, Do you feel (healthy, healthily). 3. Your machine types (noisy, noisily). 4.Your football coach says thay you afre really (good, well) at the sport. 5. The situation has become (worse, badly) than before. 6. The bill that Senator Kennedy introduced sounded (good, well) to us. 7. Convinced that she was right, Cybill said,” (sure, surelly) you are mistaken.- senyatanya. 8.Any one who eats and exercises (good, well) will certainly look (good, well). 9. Hearing that news gives me ( real, really) satisfaction. 10. They gave us (less, fewer) food than we had ordered. | ||
7. | ARTICLES | a. KIND | a. INDIFINITE ARTICLE ; a and an : a book; an egg b. DEFINITE ARTICLE : THE : The book, the egg. |
b. DEFINITE ARTICLE : THE | - used with noun with specific case: The milik that I bought yesyterday, should still be good. -used with singular or plural - Used olso in a specific circumstance : a.The noun preceding the proper names of river, seas, mountain, and countries that have been qualified in somne way: The Indian Ocean. The Republic of Austria. b. The noun preceding the proper names of river, seas, mountain, and countries when they are jused as proper adjectives. The Indonesia Foreign Policy; The Semarang old town. c. Preceding non-countable nouns when the nouns are followed by modifiers.She loves the ballet of Georgia . BEDAKAN : Jane is studying Sociology. Jane is studying the Sociology of those strange people. d. Artikel dapat diulang bial diperlukan: The husband and the father came in ( two men). The father and husband came in ( one man). She had a red and an orange sweeter (two sweeters). She had a red and orange sweeter (one sweeter). | ||
c. INDIFINITE ARTICLE ; a and an | - used with noun with non specific case, accompanies the noun: There is a book on the table. - Used only with singular noun: | ||
d. NO ARTICLE | a.identifies the noun : My pencl, my desk, my book b. Identify quality or quantity – non countable noun . Coal is mi bded in Kalimantan.He deserves support from us. c.the noun is the proper name. Tono is going to visit Mount Bromo ( not the Mount Bromo) | ||
8. | PREPOSITION | a.MEANING | 1. Is a word that links a noun pronoun, noun phrases, or others describing tinme, place, or relationship. He was asked to choose between Jack and I : ‘ He was asked to choose between Jack and me. 2. Preposition should be repeated if clarity requires it. : She looks better in green than brown. She looks better in green than in brown ( take care not to use preposition needlessly). Of what are you afraid off? Of what are afraid? What are afraid of? The racehorse wandered off of the track.” The racehorse wandered off the track. 3.Many People think that preposition should not be used to end sentence. It is not true. What is your looking for? I’m not sure I know what you’re talking about. This is not the sort of behaviour that I am going to put up with. |
b.PENTING | A. SUPPLY THE CORRECT PREPOSITION 1. he has gone abroad. He will returned .... two years time (in). 2. .... Saturday I always go to the market (On) 3. I nevewr go to the cinema .... the week (during). 4. He ran a hundred meters .... thirteen seconds ( in). 5. I can’t see him ...the market. I ‘m busy. ( at). 6. My birthday is ... November 7 th . (on) 7. I was born ... Yogyakarta in 1961. (in). 8. the days are very short .... Desember (in) 9.We arrived at the village late .... night.(at).We left early ... in the morningf (in). 10. I shall not hear from him ...tomorrow. ( until). B. Choose the correct answer 1.We wont’t be there ( because, due to) I have to work late to night. 2. (almost , most) all my ink is gone. 3. I don’t have (any, some) faith that solution. 4.Albert took the idea of time relativity (farther , further) than anyone dreamed ge could. 5. I’ve had (fewer, less) trouble remembering names since I took thatmemory cource. 6. We eat ( alot of, many) peanut butter in our house. 7. I don’t think I like (that , those) merk of shoes . 8. (Only I, I only) had two peaces of chocolate , I assure you. 9. Amanda ( occasionally is, is occasionally) temperamental. 10. Your hypothetical equation is (more, more nearly) perfect than any other I ‘ve seen. 11. Ia Jakarta (as, so) large as Singapore ? 12. Peter can scate (better, as well) than his friend Helga. 13. This candy tastes too (sweet, sweetly) for me. 14. They told me the broth was hot, so I tasted (careful, carefully). 15. We tried your theory , and it proved (false, falsely). 16. Ms. Brown lives (fair, fairly) close to her mother-in-law. 17. That politician has a (high, highly) opinion of himself. 18. Frankly, I think his reputation is (highly, high) overrated. 19. Your masalah seems (bad, badly). 20. Those gardenias smell ( wonderful, wonderfully)? C. WRITE THE APPROPRIATE FORM 1. Thisbouquet is arranged (invitingly)... than that one (mpore invitingly). 2. I feelmuch (well)... now that I ‘ve rested .(better). 3. Vancouver is ..... (interesting) of all the Canadian cities we visited. ( the most interesting). 4. Of all these lines , which do you thonk if... (straight)? The most nearly straight. 5. It’s quite late, indeed It is probably ... (late)tah you realize. (later. 6. Do you nthink Bess wrote ... (some) letters than Herry did? (more). 7. I think this string is.... (long) that one. (longer). 8. Princess was the .... (meek) of all the kittensoinj ythe litter. (meekest). 9. She was also the ....( cuddly) of all of them. ( most cuddly). 10. Your TV picture seems.... (clear) mine. (clearer than). D. UNDERLINE THE RIGHT WORD IN PARENTHESES. 1. the union leader said he couldn’t compromise any (farther, further) than he already had. 2. The pool showed that (almost, most) people pay their taxes. 3. the only ( sure, surely) way to find out is to ask. 4. I’m (real, really) glad to meet you. 5. (Almost, Most) anyone can learn to crochet. 6. Bambang can kick a football (farther, further) yhan I can. 7. They gave us (less, fewer) bags of food than we have ordered. 8. I don’t kno why they sent it there , I’m not living on RSS (anymore, still). 9. I can get you (any, some) new ones. Iof you’d like. 10. I cant’ believe it ; you haven’t5 seen their new home ( already, yet). D COMPLETE THEESE SENTENCES . The past summer we bought ( 1-= a) camper (2. A ) camper is like (3 =a) small bus. But iot is more comfortable than (4= a) bus. Ours has (5 =an) icebox. (6=a) table, and (7 =an_) area that we use for (8=-) storage. Our (9=-) sl;eeping space is bvig enough for (10=-) ten people. (11=an) adventage in (12-) this camper is that it uses (13=-) regular gasoline. We like to eat (14=-) fruit ion the morning for (15=-) breakfast, so we always keep (16 =a) supply pof (17=-) apples and (18=-) in one of the cabinets. One (19=-) day we even bought (20= a) watermelon. E. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE BELLOW WHEN NECCESSARY. 1. I hear that .... price of gold has gone up again (the). 2. .... seafood is very good at t5his restaurant. ( the). 3. Our Mayor spoke to us about .... crime masalah in the city .( the). 4. An acronym for ...... great Lakes is Homes .(the). 5. our constitution guaranties the right to .... life (x) 6. .... Mexican border with the US is long .(the). 7. .... milk is our favourite beverage (X) 8. .... beer you’re drinking is made I Milwaukee. (the) 9. Both the President and .... Vice president are Westerners. (the). 10. The bvliue and .... green rug is the hallway needs cleaning. ( x) F. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. With new technology , cameras can take pictures of underwater valleys .... color. (a.within, b. for, c.in,d.by). 2. Physical fitness exercises can cause injuries .... the participants are not careful. (a. that, b.and, c. for, d.if). 3. Black, red, and even bright pink diamonds....( a. occationally to find, b. occassionally found, c have occasionally been found, d have occasoinally foiund.). 4. He is very proficient .... English , but very deficient ... mathematics. (a.in-in, b in-with, c. with-in, d. at-for). 5. An actress’s life is in many ways..... other woman. (a. alike that of, b. like that of, c. like of that, d. alike of that) 6. In ordwer for people to work together effectively , they need... each other’s needs. (a. to be sensitive to, b. is sensitive for, c. sensitivity, d. sensitive). 7. .... great was the distruction that the South took decades to recover .( a. very, b.too, c.such, d. so). 8. I think my answer on the exam is .... (a. the possible best choise, b. the best possible choise,m c. the better of all choices, d. best beyond all choises.) 9. I will talk to the children .... (a. one and then the other, b. in singles, c. firs one and then the next, d. one by one). 10. Despite of his broaken leg , allen can walk.... get around. (a. good enough to, b. well enough to, c.good to, d. fone enough to) . 11. .... a person wears eyeglasses, the more dependent of them he or she tends to become. (a. when, b. the longest, c. the longer, d. if). 12. This milk is.... (a.not enough cool to drink, b. not cool enough to drink, c. not enough cool for drinking, d. not to drink enough cool ). 13. In the west , the birth of a girl is welcomed with an enthusiasm.... to that of a boy. ( a. equally, b they are equal, c. equal, d. and equal). 14. .... United effort is needed if the masalah of the ‘underground economny’ is to be resolved. (a. it is a, b. a c. there is a. d. an.). 15. The teacher spoke .... I couldn’t understand him. (a. rapidly so that, b. that so rapid, c. so rapidly that, d. rapidly.). 16. We will not leave.... she arrives. (a. until, b. for, c. since, d. during). 17. He is ... thoroughly selfish man; he wouldn’t lift .... finger to help anyone. (a. the-a, b. a-the, c. the-the, d. a-a). 18. In rerecent times, the invention which has most changed the face of the world, most influenced the industrial developement of the world, and .... is the automobile . (a. uncapable of, b. incapable of, c. incapable to, d. impossible of). 19. He is so honorable that I believe he is... telling a lie. ( a. uncapable of,. B. incapable of, c. incapable to, d. impossible of). 20. His grandfather owns a large .... in the country. (a. vegetable’s farm, b. vegetable farm’s, c. farm’s vegetable, d. vegetable farm). 21. ..... Problems in sailing in tropical seas is the coral reefs. (a. the biggest one, b. of the biggest one, c. one of the biggest, d. thefre are bythe biggest.). 22. generic medications are jhust as.... and mush less expensive .(a. effectively brand-name product, b. brand-name product effective, c. brand-name product as effective, d. effective as brand-name product). 23. He was laughing so hard that we thought that he was ... hysterical. (a. real, b. really, c. that, d. like real). 24. The professor some times makes remarks that bare not ..... the topioc. (a. relevant with, b. relevant to, c. relating to, d. relevant for.). 25. I have paid for so many traffic violations that I .... a regular customer. ( a. have almost become, b. almost have become. C. almost become, d. have almost to become). 26. Frank was very lucky to have escaped with his life, he almost did not get ..... in time .( a. out from gthe room , b. from the room out, c. out to gthe room, d. out of the room). 27. her husband has a habit af speaking ..... (a. mostly bluntly, b. most blunt, c. very bluntly, d. very blunt –like.) 28. it is difficult to understand many British actors , but some of them ..... (a. speak more clear than others, b. speak more clearly than others, c. speak clear from others.d. speak celarer than others). 29. Why do you feel you effended your our hostess last night? I .... anything wrong. ( a. wasn’t not aware of, b. wasn’t aware from, c. wasn’t aware of, d. wasn’t aware to, d. wasn’t aware to). 30. People in other lands laught at our fashions because they probably cannot .... they stiles. (a. adjust with, b. be adjusted, c. adjusting to, d. adjust to) . | ||
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE | TYPE I | PUT THE VERB IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM. 1. I’ll look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give ) you a ring. 2. If you (smoke) in a non- smoking compartment , the othwr passengers (object). 3. I’ll (wash) the glasses in building water. 4. If you (see) Tom , ask him to ring me. 5. If he (win) he (get) Rp. 5.000.000,if he (come) in second he(get) Rp. 3.000.000,- 6. If you (feel) too hot during the night, turn down the central heading. 7. Tom : Jack is a translator, he translates 1000 words a day and gets Rp. 1.000.000 a week , which he says isn’t enough to live on. Bill : Well, if he (want) more money he (have) to do more work . Advice him to translate 2000 words a day. 8. If you (wait) a moment I (come) with you. 9.I shan’t wake if the alarm clock (not go) off. 10. I shan’t wake unless I ( hear) the alarm. 11. If you’d like some ice I ( get) some from the fridge. 12. If you (not feel) well tomorrow you’d better take the day off. 13. If a driver (brake) suddently on a wet road he (have) a skid. 14. If you (like) a job in the company.I’ll (get). you one. 15. If Jack (refuse) to help we’ll have to manage without him. Key: 1.find, will give. 2. Smoke, will may /may object. 3. Put, will crack. 4. See. 5. Wins, will get, comes, will get, 6. Feel, 7. Wants , will have. 8. Wait/ will wait, will come. 9. Doesn’t go. 10.hear. 11. Will get. 12. Don’t feel/ aren’t feeling .13. brakes, will/may have. 14. Like, will get .15.refuses. | |
TYPE 2 | PUT THE VERB IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM. 1. Ann: If you (ask) him for Rp. 1000000, what he (say)? 2. Mary : he (be) too horrified to speak at first . But when he’d recovered from the shock , he probably (start) talking about the devorce. 3. If some one (offer) me Rp, 2, ooo for some information , I (be) rather suspecious. 4. If I (see) a pyton in Curug I (assume) it had escape from a circus. 5. Tom : The plane was on fire so we balled out. Ann : I don’t thinl I (have) the nerve to do that event if the plane (be) on fire. 6. We train the children to file out of the classroom quietly, because if a whole clasa ( rush) at the door some one (get) hurt. 7. Why don’t you buy a season ticket ? Because I lose everything . If I (buy) a season ticket I (lose) it. 8. Why don’t you bring your car to work ? If I (have) a car I (bring) it to work. 9. Jack : They get Rp. 4oooooo a week . Tom : They can’t get Rp, 4000000 a week . If they (do) they (not be) striking for Rp, 3oooooo. 10. If you (drink) champagne with every meal you soon (get) tired of it. 11. Prime minister on golf cource. I’m not at all worried about the situation. If I (be) summer the people (not sit) round that big fire. 12. But I don’t want to buy an elephant!I know that . But where you (go) if you (do) want to buy one ? 13. Why don’t you get a cat ? If you (keep) a cat the mice (not run) about everywhere. 14. Your notes are almost illegible. Why don’t you type them? If you (type) them they (be) a lot easier to read. 15. If only we ( have) a light! It’s depressing waiting in darkness. Key : 1.asked , would he say . 2. Would be, would probably start. 3. Offered , would be . 4. Saw, would assume. 5. Would have , were/was. 6. Rushed, would get. 7. Bought , would lose. 8. Had, would bring. 9. Did, would not be. 10.drank, would soon get. 11. Were/was, would not be playing. 12 would you go, did, 13. Kept, would not be running / would not run. 29. Typed, would be. 30. Had. | ||
TYPE 3 | REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING AN IF CONSTRUCTION: 1. I didn’mt see the signal , so I didn’t stop. 2. I didn’t know your number , so I didn’t ring. 3. She didn’t know you were in hospital, so she didn’t visit you. 4. We only came by bus because there were no taxis. 5. She didn’t speak to him, posibly because she was so shy. 6. Landlord: She treatened to set fire to her flat; that’s the only reason I asked her to leave. 7. We didn’t visit the musium because we hadn’t time. 8. We didn’t listen carefully ; perhaps that’s why we made this mistake. 9. I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn’t working. 10. We get a lift , so we reached the station on time. 11. You washed it in boiling water , that’s why it shrank. 12. We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable. 13. His own men diserted him; that is the only rason why he failed. 14. They were driving very quickly. That’s why the accident was so terrible. 15. It was raining. That’s the only reason I didn’t take the children in the beach. Key: these are possible answers. 1. If I had seen the signal I would have stoped. 2. If I’d kow your number I would have rung. 3. If she had known you were in hospital she would have visited. 4. If there had been taxis we would have taken one. 5. If she hadn’t been so shy she might have spoken. 6. If she hadn’t threatened to see fire to her flat I wouldn’t have asked. 7. If we’d have time we’d have visited. 8. If we had listened carefully we mightn’t have made. 9. If the lift had been working I woudn’t have come up the stairs. 10. If we hadn’t got a lift we shouldn’t / wouldn’t have reached. 11. If you hadn’t washed it in the boilewd water if would’t have shrunk. 12. If we hadn’t been using an out-of- date timetable we shouldn’t/ wouldn’t have missed. 13. If his own men hadn’t desewrted him he wouldn’t have failed. 14. If they hadn’t been driving so quickly the accident wouldn’t have been. 15. If it hadn’t been raininbg I would have taken. |
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